Heftia: higher-order effects done right for Haskell

Heftia is a higher-order effects version of Freer.

This library provides "continuation-based semantics" for higher-order effects, the same as lexi-lambda's eff. Instead of using the IO monad to implement delimited continuations for effects, Heftia internally uses Freer monad.

The paper

• Casper Bach Poulsen and Cas van der Rest. 2023. Hefty Algebras: Modular Elaboration of Higher-Order Algebraic Effects. Proc. ACM Program. Lang. 7, POPL, Article 62 (January 2023), 31 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3571255

inspires this library. Hefty trees, proposed by the above paper, are extensions of free monads, allowing for a straightforward treatment of higher-order effects.

This library offers Hefty monads and Freer monads, encoded into data types in several ways to enable tuning in pursuit of high performance.

Status

This library is currently in the beta stage. There may be significant changes and potential bugs.

We are looking forward to your feedback!

Installation

1. $ cabal update
   

2. Add heftia-effects ^>= 0.2 and ghc-typelits-knownnat ^>= 0.7 to the build dependencies. Enable the ghc-typelits-knownnat plugin, GHC2021, and the following language extensions as needed:

   • LambdaCase
   • DerivingStrategies
   • DataKinds
   • TypeFamilies
   • BlockArguments
   • FunctionalDependencies
   • RecordWildCards
   • DefaultSignatures
   • PatternSynonyms

Example .cabal:

...
    build-depends:
        ...
        heftia-effects ^>= 0.2,
        ghc-typelits-knownnat ^>= 0.7,

    default-language: GHC2021

    default-extensions:
        ...
        LambdaCase,
        DerivingStrategies,
        DataKinds,
        TypeFamilies,
        BlockArguments,
        FunctionalDependencies,
        RecordWildCards,
        DefaultSignatures,
        PatternSynonyms,
        TemplateHaskell,
        PartialTypeSignatures,
        AllowAmbiguousTypes

    ghc-options: ... -fplugin GHC.TypeLits.KnownNat.Solver
...

This library has been tested to work with GHC 9.2.8.

Getting Started

To run the SemanticsZoo example:

$ git clone https://github.com/sayo-hs/heftia
$ cd heftia/heftia-effects
$ cabal run exe:SemanticsZoo
...
# State + Except
( evalState . runThrow . runCatch $ action ) = Right True
( runThrow . evalState . runCatch $ action ) = Right True

# NonDet + Except
( runNonDet . runThrow . runCatch . runChooseH $ action1 ) = [Right True,Right False]
( runThrow . runNonDet . runCatch . runChooseH $ action1 ) = Right [True,False]
( runNonDet . runThrow . runCatch . runChooseH $ action2 ) = [Right False,Right True]
( runThrow . runNonDet . runCatch . runChooseH $ action2 ) = Right [False,True]

# NonDet + Writer
( runNonDet . runTell . elaborateWriter . runChooseH $ action ) = [(3,(3,True)),(4,(4,False))]
( runTell . runNonDet . elaborateWriter . runChooseH $ action ) = (6,[(3,True),(4,False)])

[Note] All other permutations will cause type errors.
$

Example

Compared to existing Effect System libraries in Haskell that handle higher-order effects, this library's approach allows for a more effortless and flexible handling of higher-order effects. Here are some examples:

Extracting Multi-shot Delimited Continuations

In handling higher-order effects, it's easy to work with multi-shot delimited continuations. This enables an almost complete emulation of "Algebraic Effects and Handlers". For more details, please refer to the example code.

Two interpretations of the censor effect for Writer

Let's consider the following Writer effectful program:

hello :: (Tell String <: m, Monad m) => m ()
hello = do
    tell "Hello"
    tell " world!"

censorHello :: (Tell String <: m, WriterH String <<: m, Monad m) => m ()
censorHello =
    censor
        ( \s ->
            if s == "Hello" then
                "Goodbye"
            else if s == "Hello world!" then
                "Hello world!!"
            else
                s
        )
        hello

For censorHello, should the final written string be "Goodbye world!" (Pre-applying behavior) ? Or should it be "Hello world!!" (Post-applying behavior) ? With Heftia, you can freely choose either behavior depending on which higher-order effect interpreter (which we call an elaborator) you use.

main :: IO ()
main = runEff do
    (sPre, _) <-
        runTell
            . interpretRecH (elabWriterPre @String)
            $ censorHello

    (sPost, _) <-
        runTell
            . interpretRecH (elabWriterPost @String)
            $ censorHello

    liftIO $ putStrLn $ "Pre-applying: " <> sPre
    liftIO $ putStrLn $ "Post-applying: " <> sPost

Using the elabWriterPre elaborator, you'll get "Goodbye world!", whereas with the elabWriterPost elaborator, you'll get "Hello world!!".

Pre-applying: Goodbye world!
Post-applying: Hello world!!

For more details, please refer to the complete code and the implementation of the elaborator.

Furthermore, the structure of Heftia is theoretically straightforward, with ad-hoc elements being eliminated.

Additionally, Heftia supports not only monadic effectful programs but also applicative effectful programs. This may be useful when writing concurrent effectful code.

Heftia is the current main focus of the Sayo Project.

Documentation

The example codes are located in the heftia-effects/Example/ directory. Also, the following HeftWorld example: https://github.com/sayo-hs/HeftWorld

Examples with explanations in Japanese can be found in the docs-ja/examples/ directory.

Comparison

• Higher-Order Effects: Does it support higher-order effects?

• Delimited Continuation: The ability to manipulate delimited continuations.

• Effect System: For a term representing an effectful program, is it possible to statically decidable a type that enumerates all the effects the program may produce?

• Purely Monadic: Is an effectful program represented as a transparent data structure that is a monad, and can it be interpreted into other data types using only pure operations without side effects or unsafePerformIO?

• Dynamic Effect Rewriting: Can an effectful program have its internal effects altered afterwards (by functions typically referred to as handle with, intercept, interpose, transform, translate, or rewrite) ?

  For example, would it be possible to apply interpose as many times as the number of values input by the user at runtime?

• Semantics: Classification of behaviors resulting from the interpretation of effects.

  • continuation-based: The same as Algebraic Effects and Handlers.
  • IO-based: IO + Reader pattern.
  • carrier dependent: The behavior depends on the specific type inference result of the monad. Tagless-final style.

• Performance: Time complexity or space complexity.

Library or Language	Higher-Order Effects	Delimited Continuation	Effect System	Purely Monadic	Dynamic Effect Rewriting	Semantics	Performance (TODO)
Heftia	Yes	Multi-shot	Yes	Yes (also Applicative and others)	Yes	continuation-based	?
freer-simple	No	Multi-shot	Yes	Yes	Yes	continuation-based	?
Polysemy	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	weaving-based (functorial state)	?
Effectful	Yes	No	Yes	No (based on the IO monad)	Yes	IO-based	?
eff	Yes	Multi-shot?	Yes	No (based on the IO monad)	Yes	continuation-based (IO-fused)	?
in-other-words	Yes	Multi-shot?	Yes	Yes	No?	carrier dependent	?
mtl	Yes	Multi-shot (ContT)	Yes	Yes	No	carrier dependent	?
fused-effects	Yes	No?	Yes	Yes	No	carrier dependent & weaving-based (functorial state)	?
koka-lang	No 1	Multi-shot	Yes	No (language built-in)	Yes	continuation-based	?
OCaml-lang 5	?	One-shot	No 2	No (language built-in)	?	continuation-based?	?

Heftia can simply be described as a higher-order version of freer-simple. This is indeed true in terms of its internal mechanisms as well.

Additionally, this library provides a consistent continuation-based semantics that is independent of carriers and effects. On the other hand, in libraries like in-other-words, mtl, and fused-effects, the semantics of the code depend on the effect and, in part, the carrier inferred by type inference. Fixing the semantics to a continuation-based model helps improve the predictability of the behavior (interpretation result) of the code.

Carrier-dependent semantics can lead to unexpected behavior for code readers, particularly in situations where the types become implicit. Particularly, attention should be given to the fact that due to type inference, semantic changes may propagate beyond the blocks enclosed by interpret or interpose. In the case of carrier-independent semantics, especially with Freer-based effects, interpret and interpose do not alter the semantics by intervening in type inference or instance resolution of the carrier. Instead, they function as traditional functions, simply transforming the content of the data structure. This results in minimal surprise to the mental model of the code reader.

Compatibility with other libraries

Representation of effects

• Heftia Effects relies on data-effects for the definitions of standard effects such as Reader, Writer, and State.

• It is generally recommended to use effects defined with automatic derivation provided by data-effects-th.

• The representation of first-order effects is compatible with freer-simple. Therefore, effects defined for freer-simple can be used as is in this library. However, to avoid confusion between redundantly defined effects, it is recommended to use the effects defined in data-effects.

• GADTs for higher-order effects need to be instances of the HFunctor type class for convenient usage. While it is still possible to use them without being instances of HFunctor, the interpretRec family of functions cannot be used when higher-order effects that are not HFunctor are unelaborated. If this issue is not a concern, the GADT representation of higher-order effects is compatible with Polysemy and fused-effects. It is not compatible with Effectful and eff.

About mtl

• Since the representation of effectful programs in Heftia is simply a monad (Eff), it can be used as the base monad for transformers. This means you can stack any transformer on top of it.

• The Eff monad is an instance of MonadIO, MonadError, MonadRWS, etc., and these behave as the senders for the embedded IO or the effect GADTs defined in data-effects.

Future Plans

• Enriching the documentation and tests

• Completing missing definitions such as

  • more patterns of interpret & transform function-families.
  • interpreters for the Accum and others effect classes

  and others.

• Benchmarking

License

The license is MPL 2.0. Please refer to the NOTICE. Additionally, this README.md and the documents under the docs-ja directory are licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.

Your contributions are welcome!

Please see CONTRIBUTING.md.

Credits

Parts of this project have been inspired by the following resources:

• Hefty Algebras -- The Artifact
  • Copyright (c) 2023 Casper Bach Poulsen and Cas van der Rest
  • License: MIT

1

https://gist.github.com/ymdryo/6fb2f7f4020c6fcda98ccc67c090dc75

2

Effects do not appear in the type signature and can potentially cause unhandled errors at runtime